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National Biobank

Syllabus: 

GS3: Science and Technology - Developments and their Applications and Effects in Everyday Life.

Context: 

Recently, the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science & Technology, inaugurated the Phenome India National Biobank and the country’s first longitudinal population health study. 

More on the News

• It has been launched under Phenome India Project.

• It is a major step towards creating India’s health database and advancing personalised treatment.

• The pan-India longitudinal study was conducted with an aim to develop an enhanced prediction model for cardio-metabolic disease, especially diabetes, liver diseases and cardiac diseases.

• These tools are expected to transform clinical decision-making, support public health policy and optimise resource allocation in India’s overburdened healthcare system. 

Key Features of the National Biobank

• It will serve as the backbone of a nationwide cohort study, collecting comprehensive genomic, lifestyle, and clinical data from 10,000 individuals across India.

Drawing inspiration from UK’s Biobank Model, Indian version is tailored to capture the country’s unique diversity across geography, ethnicity, and socio-economic backgrounds. 

• The initiative will support early diagnosis, targeted treatments, and better management of diseases like diabetes, cancer, heart conditions, and rare genetic disorders.

Phenome India Project

• Also known as Phenome India-CSIR Health Cohort Knowledgebase (PI-CHeCK), is a flagship initiative by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in India launched in 2023. 

• It focusses to assess risk factors in Non-communicable (cardio-metabolic) Diseases within the Indian populace.

• It aims to create a comprehensive phenome database tailored to the Indian population, promoting a Predictive, Personalised, Participatory, and Preventive (P4) healthcare model. 

• It will help scientists uncover disease patterns, gene-environment interactions, and response to therapies all within the Indian context.

Health challenges 

High prevalence of central obesity: Past research has shown that seemingly lean Indians may carry disproportionate fat around their waist, underlining the need for population-specific health strategies.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR): AMR occurs when microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve mechanisms that allow them to survive and multiply in the presence of drugs designed to kill or inhibit them. 

  • CRISPR research and the AMR fight show India’s growing leadership in biotech. The Biobank will boost these efforts by providing high-resolution data for AI diagnostics and gene-based therapies.
  • The Union Minister called for deeper collaboration between research institutions, government departments like the Department of Biotechnology, and industry partners, particularly in areas such as AMR and drug development. 

CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB)

• CSIR-IGIB is a premier Institute of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), engaged in research of national importance in the areas of genomics, molecular medicine, bioinformatics and proteomics.

• It is the first institute in India to begin decoding the human genome at a time when sequencing tools were practically non-existent. 

• IGIB’s research now extends to domains like space biology and AI-based pilot fitness assessments in collaboration with the Indian Air Force.

Achievements: 

  • Development of over 300 genetic diagnostics for rare disorders.
  • Extensive work on COVID-19 genome sequencing.
  • The launch of India’s first drug genome project.

Sources: PIB

https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2142726

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National Biobank | Current Affairs